Napolean Bonaparte Essays - French Emperors, House Of Bonaparte

Napolean Bonaparte Napolean Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the small island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. He was born at a very hectic time. Corsica was trying to gain independence when French troops invaded. He was born during a war, and he'll die because of one. When he turned ten his parents sent him to a military school just outside of Paris. He devoted himself to learning and gaining experience to military tactics, it paid off. When he was 16 he became a lieutenant in the artillery. Revolution broke out the same year. He joined the military of the French Republic. In October of 1705 a government official told Napoleon to defend the palace where the National Convention took place. He, with his small army, defeated the thousands of royalist in minutes. He is declared a hero. In 1796 the Directory appointed him to command a French army. He marched into Italy and liberated it from Austria, although some say he conquered it. The Directory wasn't doing very well. In 1799 it accused the French people of being corrupt. Napoleon seized this opportunity to take it over. On November 9, 1799 he and 500 soldiers took over one chamber of the National Legislature and drove out the members. The second chamber voted to end the directory. France was now in the hands of three officials, called consuls. Napoleon was one. In 1800, he and his fellow consuls set up the plebiscite in which the citizens had the right to vote yes or no on an issue. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor. The plebiscite made this so. The Pope crowned him himself. People thought he was a godsend. He greatly changed the economy of France by making a lot of reforms. He set up a bank, let emigres back into France, he let their be freedom of religion, he freed slaves, and set up the Napoleonic Code. The people outside of France thought differently about Napoleon. They hated him. In order to extend France's power. He took over parts of Italy and set up a government in Switzerland. The British declared war on France afraid that he was going to go over Great Britain. Napoleon wanted to take over all of Europe, and he almost did. He won a series of battles; The Battle of Ulm, The Battle of Austerlitz, The Battle of Jena, and The Battle of Friedland. Napoleon was a military genius, on land that is. The Battle of Trafalgar was his first loss because it was on water. The commander of the British fleet was the Napoleon of the sea. In October 1805, he destroyed Napoleons 33 ships with his 27. Losing this battle forced Napoleon to give up his plans to invade Great Britain. In 1812 Napoleon decided to invade Russia. The Czar of Russia refused Napoleon's request to stop selling grain to Britain. Napoleon took his ?Grand Army? of conquered European countries' citizens and marched into Russia. This was grave mistake. His soldiers were not used to the cold weather. The temperature got to below 35 degrees Fahrenheit. Instead of fighting the army, the Czar pulled his men back. Before leaving they burned their own fields and slaughtered their livestock. This was called the scorched-earth policy. When Napoleon's army arrived their they didn't have to fight, but they gained nothing because everything was burnt to the ground. So they starved. Napoleon decided to retreat, but the Czar attacked the army in its worst state, when Napoleon made it back to France, he had only 10,000 men left out of 400,000. Taking advantage of Napoleon's weakness, his enemies gathered to destroy him. Napoleon was able to raise another army and they met at Leipzig in Germany in 1813. Although Napoleon was great at land, he still lost. His enemies pushed closer towards Paris until Napoleon's general eventually refused to fight. By 1814 Napoleon surrendered. His enemies exiled him to a small island called Elba near Italy. Napoleon wasn't done though. The new king of France was pushed from the throne 9 months after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon escaped from Elba and proclaimed that the French will be liberated with his help. Most of the French welcomed him back. He made and new army and stormed Paris. He became emperor again. Napoleon's enemies quickly gathered to take out Napoleon again. They gathered their troops in Waterloo in Belgium. On June 18, 1815, Napoleon moved in. The British army held their ground all through the day. That night

Napolean Bonaparte Essays - French Emperors, House Of Bonaparte

Napolean Bonaparte Napolean Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the small island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. He was born at a very hectic time. Corsica was trying to gain independence when French troops invaded. He was born during a war, and he'll die because of one. When he turned ten his parents sent him to a military school just outside of Paris. He devoted himself to learning and gaining experience to military tactics, it paid off. When he was 16 he became a lieutenant in the artillery. Revolution broke out the same year. He joined the military of the French Republic. In October of 1705 a government official told Napoleon to defend the palace where the National Convention took place. He, with his small army, defeated the thousands of royalist in minutes. He is declared a hero. In 1796 the Directory appointed him to command a French army. He marched into Italy and liberated it from Austria, although some say he conquered it. The Directory wasn't doing very well. In 1799 it accused the French people of being corrupt. Napoleon seized this opportunity to take it over. On November 9, 1799 he and 500 soldiers took over one chamber of the National Legislature and drove out the members. The second chamber voted to end the directory. France was now in the hands of three officials, called consuls. Napoleon was one. In 1800, he and his fellow consuls set up the plebiscite in which the citizens had the right to vote yes or no on an issue. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor. The plebiscite made this so. The Pope crowned him himself. People thought he was a godsend. He greatly changed the economy of France by making a lot of reforms. He set up a bank, let emigres back into France, he let their be freedom of religion, he freed slaves, and set up the Napoleonic Code. The people outside of France thought differently about Napoleon. They hated him. In order to extend France's power. He took over parts of Italy and set up a government in Switzerland. The British declared war on France afraid that he was going to go over Great Britain. Napoleon wanted to take over all of Europe, and he almost did. He won a series of battles; The Battle of Ulm, The Battle of Austerlitz, The Battle of Jena, and The Battle of Friedland. Napoleon was a military genius, on land that is. The Battle of Trafalgar was his first loss because it was on water. The commander of the British fleet was the Napoleon of the sea. In October 1805, he destroyed Napoleons 33 ships with his 27. Losing this battle forced Napoleon to give up his plans to invade Great Britain. In 1812 Napoleon decided to invade Russia. The Czar of Russia refused Napoleon's request to stop selling grain to Britain. Napoleon took his ?Grand Army? of conquered European countries' citizens and marched into Russia. This was grave mistake. His soldiers were not used to the cold weather. The temperature got to below 35 degrees Fahrenheit. Instead of fighting the army, the Czar pulled his men back. Before leaving they burned their own fields and slaughtered their livestock. This was called the scorched-earth policy. When Napoleon's army arrived their they didn't have to fight, but they gained nothing because everything was burnt to the ground. So they starved. Napoleon decided to retreat, but the Czar attacked the army in its worst state, when Napoleon made it back to France, he had only 10,000 men left out of 400,000. Taking advantage of Napoleon's weakness, his enemies gathered to destroy him. Napoleon was able to raise another army and they met at Leipzig in Germany in 1813. Although Napoleon was great at land, he still lost. His enemies pushed closer towards Paris until Napoleon's general eventually refused to fight. By 1814 Napoleon surrendered. His enemies exiled him to a small island called Elba near Italy. Napoleon wasn't done though. The new king of France was pushed from the throne 9 months after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon escaped from Elba and proclaimed that the French will be liberated with his help. Most of the French welcomed him back. He made and new army and stormed Paris. He became emperor again. Napoleon's enemies quickly gathered to take out Napoleon again. They gathered their troops in Waterloo in Belgium. On June 18, 1815, Napoleon moved in. The British army held their ground all through the day. That night

Hallmark Essays - Hallmark Cards, Greeting Card, Postcards, Ephemera

Hallmark Essays - Hallmark Cards, Greeting Card, Postcards, Ephemera Hallmark "I love this business," exults Robert Kaynes Jr., vice president of sales (and grandson of the founder) at Bron Shoe, the Columbus, Ohio-based company responsible for putting millions of pairs of bronzed baby shoes on bookshelves in the homes of loving parents across America for the past 75 years. "It may sound schmaltzy" Kaynes concedes, "but it's a schmaltzy business. We're selling sentiment." Still, how do you market a memory? For companies like Hallmark, FTD, Bron Shoe, and others in the "sentiment expression" industry, selling can be a daunting task. After all, its hard enough to describe sentiment, let alone market it. Of course, its not all blue smoke and mirrors; there are products involved here. But even though you can "reach out and touch" things like flowers, cards, and bronze baby shoes, these aren't your standard durable goods by any stretch of the imagination. The real function and purpose of such items is to act as a messengera vehicle of communication between sender and receiver designed to capture a moment in a way that's both memorable "and affordable (in other words, not as constricting as vows or as expensive as diamonds), conveying the proper sentiment in a language and fashion that's as close to universal as possible. Naturally this requires using some highly creative sales and marketing techniques, and its a testament to the success of these three companies that many of the strategies they've developed over the years have since become standard operating procedure in areas like point-of-purchase, direct marketing, and distribution. And if you're wondering whether prophets can also make profits, consider this: Hallmark, FTD, and Bron Shoe together generate sales of over $5 billion a year, a figure that's guaranteed to make even the most hardened marketer a little misty- eyed. Despite such an impressive record of innovation and achievementboth historically and financiallythese companies aren't content to rest on their laurels. For them, success in selling sentiment is an ongoing process: Hallmark introduced both the first mass-marketed greeting card and the first computerized card; FTD developed flowers-by- wire (and later flowers-by-phone), as well as the first catalog of standardized bouquets and, more recently, the first tie-ins between flowers and brand name products; Bron-shoe was the first company to bronze baby shoes and has continued to innovate by adding porcelainizing techniques and branching out into related areas of sentiment expression. With more than 200 years of sales and marketing experience among them, these companies clearly bring a lot to the table when it comes to formulating strategies and tactics. The following stories of their individual successes provide irrefutable proof thatwith the right combination of perseverance, positioning, and producteven the most nebulous concept can come up a winner. HALLMARK Not only is Hallmark (known as Hall Brothers until 1954) the undisputed leader in the greeting card industry, it sits on the top rung of the entire sentiment expression industry What exactly can a humble mixture of wood chips, water, and ink do to produce such magical results? "At Hallmark, we believe a greeting card has the ability to warm a heart, tickle a funny bone, toast a bride, blow a kiss, ease a pain and start a tradition," says Donald J. Hall, chairman of Kansas City, Mo.-based Hallmark (and grandson of the founder). The popularity of mass-produced greeting cards can be traced to 19th-century England and America, when the advent of cheap, efficient color printing methods and low postage rates suddenly made it easier and cheaper to produce these poignant purveyors of sentiment. By the 1880s, there were literally hundreds of varieties of mass- printed Christmas, New Year's, and Valentines Day cards available at the neighborhood pharmacy, dry goods store, or print shop. The only thing was, those cards were typically kept in drawers behind shop counters and brought out only at the customer's request. That is, until 1910, when a clever marketerone Joyce C. Hallmade what turned out to be a revolutionary observation: why not put those charming, inexpensive greeting cards out where people can see them? Halls point-of-purchase display essentially transformed the greeting-card industry. Before long, cards were being proffered for every holiday, every faith, and every occasion. Today, roughly half of all greeting cards purchased each

The benifits of nuclear medicine vs other forms of radiation exams Term Paper

The benifits of nuclear medicine vs other forms of radiation exams - Term Paper Example Today the stream of medical technologies has evolved to such an extent that almost all the medical specialists in medicine depend significantly on technology. In the following section this paper briefly describes the imaging modality called Nuclear Medicine. Although the imaging modalities like Nuclear Medicine, X-Rays, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, are categorized as modalities of medical imaging. Except for Nuclear Medicine which is also termed as Radionuclide Scanning, rest all belong to the field of radiology. The latter half of the paper presents a contrast between Nuclear Medicine and other above mentioned modalities of radiology. Nuclear Medicine: It is an old modality of medical imaging that was discovered accidently in middle of the twentieth century. Nuclear medicine is the conglomerate of physics, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, detectors and computer technology. It uses predetermined amounts of radioactive material to diagnose ailments pertaining to c ancer, heart etc. This noninvasive branch of medicine uses imaging modalities after a radioactive material also known as radiotracers is either injected into the subject through intravenous injection or the subject is made to swallow or it is inhaled by the subject. The radiotracer gets settled in the part of the body that is to be imaged or studied. These radioactive substances emit gamma rays – that is electromagnetic radiations consist of photons. These rays are detected by a gamma camera etc. These devices enable the specialist to understand the condition of the body part, on the basis on the level of radiation that is detected by the detector. Some of the imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine are Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scanner), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Bone Scanning and Cardiovascular imaging. Figure 1 shows a PET Scanner. Nuclear medicine is helpful in detecting cancers, inadequate flow of blood to various tissues in the body , improper functioning of organs. Figure 1. PET Scanner (Zwanger-Pesiri Radiology) Radiological Modalities: It is said that the invention of X-Rays by Roentgen in 1895 sparked off a trend of innovation in medicine. Clinical applications of X-Rays lead to the birth of radiology – one of the branches of medicine that has a significant role in other specialties like orthopedics and neurology. Computed Tomography (CT) scanning is an extension of use of X-Rays in medicine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) is another very important imaging modality that uses magnetic field and it was invented almost the same time as CT. Sideways radiology also saw the developments and use of ultrasounds in medicine. Nuclear Medicine vs. X-Rays, CT & MRI: Utility: Besides the anatomical (structural) information nuclear medicine (also called radionuclide scanning) also presents to the doctors the function of the body’s organ as well. This information enables the doctors to understand if the org an is functioning properly. In the case of other radiological modalities like X-Ray, CT etc, the information captured by them is purely anatomical. It is worth including here that the nuclear medicine images give lesser information about spatial resolution but the images obtained in nuclear medicine may help us to diagnose an ailment sooner than any other radiological

Business - building trust in the e-business Essay

Business - building trust in the e-business - Essay Example 3. Customer care: a presence of an organized customer care plan is necessary; providing services to customers efficiently related to information about produced, transaction and even about what Edward Entrepreneur is about. 4. Why to trust us- Trust in literature: a well defined but brief reasons of trust have to be mention in the website, including reasons why to trust the company. And an overlook of tutorial of the software in the website will also attract customers trust and interest both. As in ecommerce the main objective for the literature is persuade and satisfy the customer which will bring trust. (PROquest, 2011) With the objective to understand how trust is formed in commercial relational exchanges that take place within electronic environments, our review of the literature identified a number of works that provided the necessary theoretical background to aid our endeavors towards filling this gap 5. Quality of product: when a brief overlook of the tutorial will be provided on the site the customers will be able see the basic features of the software. And this will also lead people to trust the product. 6. Privacy Policy : the another prior reason over which people become reluctant in trusting e commerce sites is the reason that they are not comfortable to give there private information on internet. So to make a strong privacy policy the following points are needed to be added: b. Verified by visa: use verified by visa statement for a proof that the company is verified by visa banks and the information which customers will provide will not be missed used but will only be used for transaction of money. d. SSL certificate: Secure socket layer is an authorized protocol built specially for ecommerce. This assures and protects personal data of the customers used in transactions. A certificate of SSL will completely assure the customers to rely over the site. (TechGenix Ltd., 2011) The site with SSL certificate will ensure the customers that their

Hotel energy management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hotel energy management - Essay Example We can ask the staff to be less friendly and visible or the reverse,'' he said. (Thomasson, 1) ''The changes must be small. If you were making changes every day it would be too disruptive.'' (Thomasson, 1)The stylish new facility has self-service tills that allow diners to scan their lunch while they and their trays are being weighed by a set of scales built into the floor. From a control room, researchers can direct cameras built into the ceiling of the restaurant to zoom in on individual diners and their plates. These are just a few examples of the way state of the art facilities can lighten up the customer world and add to the competitive edge. One must keep in mind that Australia attracts people from different parts of the globe. To understand the particularities of taste and comfort it becomes imperative that a detailed research support system is created to keep the hostel industry up to date. It becomes necessary for state of the art facilities to strike a balance between the t raditional and the modern, this fine balance is the key to competitive advantage in the market. (Fletcher, 188) Today's hot technology topics, including e-commerce, wi-fi, electronic payment systems, Web site design, data security, and identity theft have to be included in any discussion on technology and the way it influences the hospitality industry. The new age customer even while unwinding wants to be connected to the technological appendages it carries during the ordinary work hours. Moreover the level of comfort is often measured by the smooth functioning of the technology that a particular hotel is able to provide. One important aspect is to not make the technology involved overtly perceptible. It is important to keep the intricacies of the technology covered by a gloss of easy comfort. (Deb, 323) 2. New facilities will involve require substantial investments by hotel. How would you justify making such an investment The rate of technological input is directly proportional to the revenue generation. Investment must be and should be justified because of the competitive advantage state of art customer facilities will bring and the edge that technological inputs herald. Investment has to be put in context of the overall customer behavior pattern and the society at large. A society that breathes and lives on the micro physics of technological pervasiveness cannot imagine its hospitality industry to be devoid of the technological drive that characterizes the broader society. Profits from the hospitality industries will only start to assume substantial proportions once the technology and the comparative advantage are welded together to create an

The Future of British Sign Language

The Future of British Sign Language The future of British sign language: Towards one variety or a variety of languages. When discussing the future of British Sign Language we must first define sign language and British Sign Language (BSL). Sign language is a visually based language that uses signs to represent specific words or phrases. There are numerous different types and varieties of sign language based around the world, some are rudimentary while others are have developed into advanced languages. British Sign Language is the most developed and widely used form of sign language used in Britain. It is estimated that 50, 000 people within the UK use BSL. BSL is the natural language of signs that has developed in Britain over centuries. It is the language used by the British Deaf community. (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 13). Similar to spoken and written languages BSL has grown and evolved since its inception, but unlike many spoken or written languages is not universal. BSL users are restricted to communicating within Britain, or with other signers familiar with BSL, as BSL does not extend beyond Britain’s borders, even to other English speaking populations. Indeed BSL, American Sign Language (ASL), Irish Sign Language (ISL), have all developed different signs for different words and have different structures, thus, someone signing with ASL will not be able to communicate clearly with someone signing with BSL. In addition to variations from country to country, there are dialect variations within each form of sign language. BSL, like spoken language, has evolved through the needs of its users in spontaneous and natural ways. There are wide regional differences in some signs numbers and colours are notoriously variable, however most signs are the same. Many of the variations stem from the schools Deaf people attended; new signs are being coined, and more established signs changing with time and use. Hearing learners may find this a problem in the early stages, but it doesn’t present a problem to native signers. Variations are largely in the vocabulary of signs the words of the language; the grammatical structures that hold it together and give meaning, vary very little. Language has a life of its own, and most attempts to interfere or control it tend to fail. (DeafSign.Com, 2000) Admittedly, it is the nature of language to grow and change, and many dialects and variations have emerged within Standard English. But while dialects in Standard English sometimes lead to confusion if two speakers of different dialects communicate, these differences seldom make it impossible for English speakers, or writers, to communicate with one another. Where as, without a universal form of sign language it makes it difficult for the signing population to communicate with people signing with different variations. This mutual unintelligibly within variations and dialects of sign language leads to deaf populations being not only removed from hearing populations, but also from one another. Because deaf communities tend to be smaller and more contained than other minorities within the hearing community the differences that emerge in sign language are more defined. Where as dialects in spoken English tend to emerge in areas or social communities, there are many more factors that influence dialects in sign language. Sutton-Spence Woll (2004, p. 13) explain that a signer’s age, class, gender, ethnicity, religion, and locale can all effect the way in which they sign. This leads to many different variations within one variety of sign language alone. Thus, even a concerted effort to unify sign language, whether it be the unification of BSL from the current number of dialects and variations within BSL, to a uniform use of the language, or an even greater attempt to unify the varieties within countries, or even worldwide will be an extremely difficult task. There are so many external forces on the development of sign language that it is difficult to control its use and development. The age at which a person learns to sign and whom they learn it from effects the way in which they sign. This is especially notable when comparing the differences between the children of deaf and hearing parents. Exposure to sign language at an early age is different to the children of deaf parents and the children of hearing parents. Those born to deaf parents are more likely to have had early exposure to a fluent model of adult BSL. Those born to hearing parents often†¦ only begin to learn BSL when they start school†¦. Research comparing adult signers from deaf and hearing families has shown that their signing differs significantly. (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 23-24). One of the reasons that signing in BSL differs so dramatically from one person to another is that BSL is a complex, fully developed language, which is extremely different from Standard English. BSL has it’s own grammar, syntax, lexicon, and has many other unique features. BSL evolved naturally, as all languages do. It uses both manual and non-manual components – handshapes and movements, facial expression, and shoulder movement. BSL is structured in a completely different way to English, and like any language it has its own grammar. Linguists generally agree that BSL is a topic comment language. For example, the question in English ‘What is your name?’ becomes the sequence ‘Your name what?’ in BSL. (RNID 2004, p. 4). Anyone already fluent in Standard English, or any other language, that wishes to learn BSL must learn a completely new language structure and way of communicating to be able to sign in BSL. Like with Standard English there is a dictionary and many other texts to assist BSL users. The British Deaf Association’s Dictionary of British Sign Language (1992) is 1084 pages long and includes both pictures of each sign in the language, as well as, English word definitions. Yet people wishing to learn BSL cannot do so from text book alone as there are many features of BSL which must be seen or described to understand, such as, nods of the head, shoulder shrugs, facial expressions and lip patterns. â€Å"There are many mouth patterns that convey grammatical and phonological information in BSL.† (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 81). In addition, to knowing the intricacies of each sign, as well as, the structure and vocabulary of BSL, signers must also become familiar with other unique features of BSL. Features include the ability to express metaphors, poetry and humour using signs. Signers must also become familiar with BSL idioms, euphemisms, expletives / insults, as with any language BSL contains exceptions to the language rules and certain taboo words, such as, â€Å"ORAL-SIGNER† (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 245). This insult, which is unique to the signing community, reveals the effect of the divide between different varieties and dialects of sign language on the signing community and signing individuals’ opinions of other signers.   Furthermore, because signing languages are completely visual and do not have a written component, like Standard English, this forces people who wish to communicate through both BSL, or other forms of sign language, and also written English to learn two completely different languages. While BSL is currently the most commonly used variety of sign language in Britain, with the internet and email becoming more dominant communication tools by the day. Younger users of sign language may start to tend towards a variety of sign language that incorporates Standard English into its overall format. Currently there are a number of varieties of sign language used in Britain that use Standard English sentence construction and grammar, but these varieties have long been second to BSL. While the reason for the construction of BSL is quite simple and logical, this does not make the language any easier to use. BSL uses signs that often encompass a few words or a phrase, while the grammar and sentence structure work to create shortened sentences. All of these features serve to shorten BSL sentences, and are necessary to ensure timely communication, as it takes longer to form signs than to speak words. There are a number of other forms of sign language and signing used in Britain, these include Cued Speech, the Paget-Gorman Sign System (PGSS), Signed English, Sign Supported English (SSE), and Fingerspelling. All of these visual languages are largely dependent on Standard English. Some users of sign language use BSL in conjunction with these other forms, while others may choose to stick with one variety. Sign Supported English (SSE) is probably the most popular alternate variety of sign language currently used in Britian. This variety of sign language uses BSL vocabulary and Standard English sentence structure and grammar. â€Å"In Sign Supported English (SSE), the key words of a sentence are signed while the person speaks.† (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 14). SSE is an advanced variation of Signed English, which uses BSL to sign all of the words in a sentence, using Standard English sentence structure and grammar. There are problems with the use of Signed English. It is very slow, and a message takes longer in Signed English than in either BSL or [Standard] English. This means that spoken English accompanying Signed English becomes unnaturally slow, and many English speakers let speech take over and drop some signs. Many BSL signers using Signed English insert features of BSL grammar so that the grammar is not ‘pure English’ any more. (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 16). Just as SSE and Signed English depend on Standard English so too does the Paget-Gorman Sign System (PGSS). But whereas SSE and Signed English use BSL signs and incorporate Standard English form, PGSS uses â€Å"signs [that] do not come from any sign language, but have been created to represent English words and English grammar† (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 14). Because of its focus on Standard English PGSS is easy for native English speakers to learn, but it is not a language used by the deaf community. Similarly, cued speech, which is a system that does not use signs at all, rather â€Å"hand cues are made near the mouth to identify different speech sounds.† (Sutton-Spence Woll 2004, p. 13). Cued speech is a verbally dominated form of visual language and is thus not commonly used within the deaf community. One of the most basic and widely used forms of signing if fingerspelling, which has one sign for every letter of the alphabet and requires users to spell out the letters in a word or sentence. Fingerspelling is not a language in itself but is often incorporated into sign languages. Most commonly fingerspelling is used to spell words for which there is no sign, such as, names of people or places. Alternately, fingerspelling can be used to draw attention to a word in a sentence or phrase. Although fingerspelling may be the most simple and basic form of signing, it fails to be universal because different countries have different signs for each letter in the fingerspelling alphabet, making it impossible for signers from different countries to understand the words that are being spelt. Edward Finegan (2004, p. 19-20) identifies three modes of linguistic communication in Language: Its Structure Use. He defines these as speaking, writing and signing, yet signing at this point is not a fully developed universal mode of communication as a result of the restrictions the different varieties of sign language put upon their users. Because sign languages have developed and evolved naturally within the relatively small communities within which they are used around they have developed independently and created mutually exclusive varieties. There have been attempts in the past to create or nominate one universal sign language, but up until this point no one variety of sign language has succeeded in dominating the international signing community. In Britain because BSL is the official language of the deaf community, with approximately 50, 000 people within the UK using BSL, it will continue to be the dominant sign language in Britain. Although, with the rise of internet technology and written electronic communication the younger signing community may start to tend towards a Standard English based form of sign language, such as, SSP. The use of SSP would enable signers to communicate in the same language in person and in writing, rather than communicating with BSL sign language in person and Standard English in writing. The current dominance of British Sign Language can be attributed to the same factor which has led to the formation of the so many different varieties of sign language, in Britain and around the world, because signing communities tend to be quite small and isolated from one another, adult signers pass on the language they are familiar with ti younger signers. As a result, younger signers may not be aware of other sign languages available to them. But with the influence email, and the rise of written communication as a result, younger singers will beging to seek out a variety of sign language that incorporates the Standard English conventions they will become more familiar with as they become more familiar with writing. Indeed this may simply lead to the transformation of the current BSL variety into a variety of sign language, which incorporates rather than excludes Standard English conventions. Alternately, the language we currently know as BSL could be replaced by another variety of sign language, such as Sign Supported English (SSE), or another variety altogether. In a world dominated by travel and technology signing communities, both within Britain and around the world, need a language through which they can successfully, and clearly, communicate with one another. The first step towards universal communication between signing communities is to ensure that the sign languages used are simple for hearing people to learn, and that there is as little variation (and as a result confusion) within the varieties. By encouraging hearing people to learn sign language the signing community would broaden the language base and thus provide stability to the language. And although it is difficult to control the growth and evolution of any language, by adopting a sign language which follows Standard English conventions, the language would have to adhere to Standard English and thus evolve with it, creating a more universal and less confusing language. By adopting or creating a sign language based on Standard English, the variations of that sign language would tend be restricted to the variations of Standard English. The evolution of language is a gradual process, therefore the future of British Sign Language will most likely see the continuation of BSL as the dominant language, with the growth of a Standard English based language. The two languages will coincide for a period before the modern Standard English based language gains control. BIBLIOGRAPHY BRITISH DEAF ASSOCIATION, Brien, D. (ed.), 1992. Dictionary of British Sign Language. London: Faber and Faber. CRYSTAL, D., 2003. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language. 2nd edition. Cambridge:   Cambridge University Press. (p. 222-227) DEAFSIGN.COM, 2000. Is British Sign Language standardised? [online]. Available from: http://www.deafsign.com/ds/index.cfm?scn=articlearticleID=6 [Accessed 25 June 2005] FINEGAN, E., 2004. Language: Its Structure and Use. 4th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. RNID, April 2004. Introducing British Sign Language. London: RNID SUTTON-SPENCE, R., WOLL, B., 2004. The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tragic Hero :: essays research papers fc

In Antigone Creon is the tragic hero. Throughout the story he displays the four tragic hero characteristics. He was a person of high character. Creon was the King of Thebes and he thought he was the most powerful person. Creon didn't think anything could stop him. Pride was Creon's downfall. It lead to the loss of many loved ones that were close to him. At the end Creon realized he was wrong. He tried to fix it but couldn't. What makes Creon a tragic hero in the story Antigone? Since Creon was the King of Thebes he didn't care what others would think or say. Creon thought he was above everyone. Creon immediately made the decision that Polyneices would not be buried even though he was family. He still was a traitor and because of this he would not receive the privilege of being buried. Anyone who did bury him would be killed. Creon shows he doesn't care about anyone when he finds out Antigone buried Polyneices. He tells Antigone, "And yet you dared defy the law"(I. 285). Creon doesn't even care if it is his own relative that bertays him. That person will have to pay for their action of going against the law that he provided. Creon believes he is a rock and nothing can stand in his way. He thought he was above the gods. He didn't want to believe in Teiresiasis or anything that came out of his mouth. Creon continues to think he is above the gods. To him, nothing can change his will. Not even Teiresiasis, the blind prophet who sees the future, can change his mind. "Whatever you say, you will not change my mind"(V. 299). In this example, Creon is being stubborn. Teiresiasis tells Creon that what he is doing is wrong and the gods will get him back. Creon doesn't believe this and thinks he is just a liar. The tragic flaw of pride is what over took Creon and made him come to his downfall. Creon thought what he was doing was right. To him it didn't matter that he destroyed his son's future with Antigone. It didn't matter that he was killing his own family. It also didn't make any difference that the gods tried to stop him and would get even with him. Creon thought he was at the top and in control of all. Creon realizes his tragic flaw got the best of him when he says, "Oh it is hard to give in! but it is worse To risk everything for stubborn pride"(Exodos. Tragic Hero :: essays research papers fc In Antigone Creon is the tragic hero. Throughout the story he displays the four tragic hero characteristics. He was a person of high character. Creon was the King of Thebes and he thought he was the most powerful person. Creon didn't think anything could stop him. Pride was Creon's downfall. It lead to the loss of many loved ones that were close to him. At the end Creon realized he was wrong. He tried to fix it but couldn't. What makes Creon a tragic hero in the story Antigone? Since Creon was the King of Thebes he didn't care what others would think or say. Creon thought he was above everyone. Creon immediately made the decision that Polyneices would not be buried even though he was family. He still was a traitor and because of this he would not receive the privilege of being buried. Anyone who did bury him would be killed. Creon shows he doesn't care about anyone when he finds out Antigone buried Polyneices. He tells Antigone, "And yet you dared defy the law"(I. 285). Creon doesn't even care if it is his own relative that bertays him. That person will have to pay for their action of going against the law that he provided. Creon believes he is a rock and nothing can stand in his way. He thought he was above the gods. He didn't want to believe in Teiresiasis or anything that came out of his mouth. Creon continues to think he is above the gods. To him, nothing can change his will. Not even Teiresiasis, the blind prophet who sees the future, can change his mind. "Whatever you say, you will not change my mind"(V. 299). In this example, Creon is being stubborn. Teiresiasis tells Creon that what he is doing is wrong and the gods will get him back. Creon doesn't believe this and thinks he is just a liar. The tragic flaw of pride is what over took Creon and made him come to his downfall. Creon thought what he was doing was right. To him it didn't matter that he destroyed his son's future with Antigone. It didn't matter that he was killing his own family. It also didn't make any difference that the gods tried to stop him and would get even with him. Creon thought he was at the top and in control of all. Creon realizes his tragic flaw got the best of him when he says, "Oh it is hard to give in! but it is worse To risk everything for stubborn pride"(Exodos.

Lab Report of Food Chem Essay

As a part of our food chemistry and biochemistry assignment, we were told by our lecturer to do research on a certain food products based on articles we can find on magazines and newspapers. Then we were to criticize certain articles comparing with articles found on the internet. I chose yoghurt. It is widely known as a healthy product and a substitute for many products such as heavy cream or coconut milk. It is a dairy product where we can obtain it from the cow’s milk. The milk will undergo bacterial fermentation to become yoghurt. Dairy yogurt is produced using a culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. ulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus bacteria. In addition, other lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are also sometimes added during or after culturing yogurt. Yogurt is nutritionally rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. It has nutritional benefits beyond those of milk. Lactose-intolerant individuals can sometimes tolerate yogurt better than other dairy products, because the lactose in the milk is converted to glucose and galactose, and partially fermented to lactic acid, by the bacterial culture. Yogurt containing live cultures has been found effective in a randomized trial at preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Yogurt contains varying amounts of fat. There is non-fat (0% fat), low-fat (usually 2% fat) and plain or whole milk yogurt (4% fat). A study published in the International Journal of Obesity (11 January 2005) also found that the consumption of low-fat yogurt can promote weight loss, especially due to the calcium in the yogurt. But there are scientists who are arguing that yoghurt is not a healthy food after all. It also does cause certain diseases which can be avoided if we ake yoghurt in a lower level. We will see more about yoghurt in this paper. Discussion Supporting points All of the articles I found about yoghurts only talked about the benefits of yoghurt. it says that it is a very good substitute for cream, coconut milk and even ice cream, since it contains lactobacillus which is good for our digestive and immune system. It is rich in potassium, calcium, protein and B vitamins. It is also lower in cholesterol. An advantage of yogurt is that it is a probiotic, which means that it contains â€Å"friendly† bacteria that help clean your intestines from â€Å"bad† bacteria. As a result of eating yogurt, you can have a healthy balance of intestinal micro flora to promote optimal ability to absorb nutrients. You can eat yogurt to provide your intestines with friendly bacteria like lactobacillus acidophilus, which are killed when you take antibiotics, according to the National Centre for Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Yoghurt also prevents colon cancer. It lowers blood pressure and cholesterol level. It strengthens the immune system by preventing constipation and bloating. It reduces inflammation. It also improves mineral absorption. It prevents harmful bacteria. It promotes healthy bacteria and enzyme. Calcium with can be obtained from yoghurt also steadies your appetite and helps reduce mood swings and tension. Ice cream can be swapped to frozen yoghurt. Just freeze your regular yoghurt and add some mixed berries to add taste. Criticizing points Eating more calories than you burn makes you fat. That said, if you don’t want to count calories, and you eat yogurt a lot, stick with low fat or non-fat. If you like fruit yogurt, just buy a big container of Plain and add fresh fruit to it. You’ll save a lot of calories and get more fibre, which helps you to maintain a healthy weight. Yogurt can be a staple in a healthy diet, providing you with a good source of calcium, protein, vitamin D and potassium. Picking any yogurt brand and eating it in excess, however, can contribute to problems such as weight gain, high cholesterol and heart disease. The many yogurt brands in your supermarket fall across the nutrition spectrum, from heart-healthy to fatty, sugar-filled products little better for you than candy. Read yogurt labels carefully to choose the healthiest type. The majority of big name yogurt brands that you find at the grocery store are actually bad for you. Why? Because they’re loaded with sugar and the milk that they use most likely comes from cows that have been pumped full of antibiotics and growth hormones. Seriously, you may as well be eating candy with a steroid chaser. Even the so-called â€Å"natural† yogurts or those marked with the ever popular â€Å"organic† label. Conclusion Reading all types of articles may cause us to be confused with our choices. Any type of food, when eaten in a certain amount is safe for us. Yoghurt even though is natural food. It is very fattening. As it says in the articles, 0% fat may contain other hidden fat such as from sugar. So 0% is not 0% fat after all. Yoghurt may be high in vitamin b12 and calcium, but we must know that that is not our only source of calcium. So we should not eat the total amount of our requirement only from yoghurt. We can substitute other food products for yoghurt for a healthier choice. I personally think that yoghurt is a very healthy food and we should take it in a limited amount. We should also go for plain yoghurt and not the flavoured yoghurt as it may contain hidden sugar, saturated fat and other preservatives.

How to Register for AP Tests and Classes

How to Register for AP Tests and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wondering how to register for AP classes and tests? Get a complete guide to AP registration here – even if you’re homeschooled or your local school doesn’t have the AP program. How to Register for AP Classes The AP Registration process varies from school to school. Typically, you go through the regular class sign-up process to take APs, as long as you have taken the necessary pre-requisite classes. For example, many schools require students to take an introductory biology course before they can enroll in AP Biology. Your school's course catalog should list the necessary pre-requisites for each AP class. In some schools, you have to pass a placement test to register for an AP class. For example, my school required students to test into AP Calculus BC as well as AP Calculus AB – even if they had taken math up through Pre-Calculus. Based on your test score, you were placed into either Calculus BC, Calculus AB, or regular (non-AP) Calculus. We recommend asking one of your current teachers or the guidance counseling office about how to sign up for AP Classes at your school. They can let you know if there are any specific protocols outside of your school’s typical registration process, like placement tests or class size limits. If you attend a school without AP classes or you're homeschooled, you don't have to officially register for an AP class. You just need to register for the AP Exam later in the year (more on that below). It's up to you to either take a class that teaches most of the same material (e.g., taking a United States History course if you want to take the AP United States History exam) or to self-study during the year. How to Register for AP Tests If You Attend a School with AP Classes If you’re taking AP classes, your AP teacher typically alerts you to your school’s AP test sign-up process. They should inform you of the deadlines to register for the test. Some even walk you through the registration process! If you haven’t heard anything from your AP teacher yet or are just curious about your school's AP test sign-up protocol, track down your school’s AP Coordinator to find out the dates and deadlines at your school. AP Coordinator? Who's that? Each school that offers AP classes has a staff member (often a guidance counselor) who is given this title. It’s officially their job to handle AP test registration and coordinate with the College Board. If you don’t know who this person is, either check in with your guidance counselor or one of your AP teachers, they should know. Keep in mind you have to register for AP exams through your school, there is no way to register online. (Some students get confused because other College Board tests, like the SAT and SAT Subject tests, have online registration.) As part of your registration, you’ll turn in the $92 exam fee to the AP coordinator. And that price is per exam, by the way. (See ourpost on AP Exam costs to learn about getting financial aid for AP tests!) If You're Homeschooled or Your School Doesn't Have AP Classes If you’re homeschooled, or you attend a school without the AP program and are self-studying, you can still arrange to take AP Exams at a nearby participating AP school. To do this, you’ll contact the AP program itself. Contact AP Services no later than March 1st of the year you want to test, and they’ll give you the names of local, participating AP schools willing to test outside students, as well as the phone number of the AP coordinator at that school. This is the contact information for AP Services. Remember, you have to contact them to get the contact info of a local school that will give you the AP exams: Phone: 888-225-5427 International callers: 212-632-1780 Fax: 610-290-8979 Email:apstudents@info.collegeboard.org Prepare a list of the AP Exams you are interested in taking before you call – this will help College Board find a school you can test at. Once you get their info from AP Services, call the AP Coordinators at the local school no later than March 15th to set up your testing. When calling Coordinators to arrange testing, make sure to tell them the following: That you got their contact information from College Board. That you are trying to find a school that will give AP exams to homeschooled students or students from schools that do not offer AP Exams. The AP exams you want to take. If you have a documented disability that requires accommodations. Once you locate a school that will host you, that school's AP Coordinator is responsible for ordering your exam materials, telling you when and where to report for the exams, and collecting your fees (which may be higher than the typical $92 to cover the school’s additional proctoring or administration costs). One last thing: your host school must administer the exams for you. The school cannot forward the AP exams to you or your school. That means on exam days, you'll have to travel to your host school (and be absent from your regular classes). Some Additional Guidelines for Signing Up Signing up for AP classes and tests is usually straightforward. Plus, there aren't restrictions on how many classes you can take each year (unless your school has its own rules). You can take as many AP Exams as can fit into your schedule. The AP Program doesn’t even require you to take an AP class before taking an AP Exam. The only restriction on registration from College Board is that you can’t take both Calculus AB and Calculus BC within the same year. This is because Calculus BC includes all of the material in Calculus AB – you even get an AB Subscore when you take Calculus BC! AP Calculus BC is essentially two math classes in one! If two of the exams you want to take are scheduled for the same time, ask your school’s AP Coordinator for information about taking one of the exams during the late-testing period. The late-testing period occurs in late May, to accommodate tests that overlap or students that run into last-minute problems like an injury. In general, popular AP exams don’t tend to overlap, so you’re more likely to run into this problem if you’re taking a more niche exam like Art History or Japanese. On Exam Day Keep these guidelines in mind to make sure you are ready to test in May once you’re registered! You have to bring a valid government- or school-issued photo ID with you to the exam. Even though the test is administered by your school, and all your teachers know you, you have to follow this rule. You’ll be turned away without your ID, so don’t forget it! If you have approval from the College Board to test with accommodations, you have to bring your Student Accommodation Letter. If you attend a school that doesn’t offer AP, you should not use the school code for the school where you are testing. Instead, make sure to use your own school’s code so your exam score(s) will be reported to your school. This means you need to get your school’s six-digit code from your principal or school counselor before exam day. If you are home-schooled, use the state or international home-school/self-study code that will be given to you on the day of the exam. What’s Next? Which AP exams should you take? Learn about the hardest and easiest tests, as well as exactly how many AP classes you should take. Also taking the SAT? Learn how to register for the SAT, when you should take the test for the first time, and get a complete study guide. Going for the ACT instead? We have exclusive guides to studying for ACT Science, Reading, and English. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Ancient Art essays

Ancient Art essays During the late Helladic times of 1100-1600 B.C. there were a number of settlers that settled along the southeastern shores of the Greek mainland. These inhabitants were called Mycenaeans. The Mycenaeans were the first regarded as having come from Crete but not agreed they were descendants of early Greek clans. These people led an inconspicuous pastoral existence in their new homeland. They had tombs that had simple potter and a couple bronze weapons. During the 100 B.C. they created impressive structures such as the Treasury of Atreus which was burial place that was built with stone blocks that taper inward toward the highest points. Another impressive structure built by them was the Lioness Gate at Mycenae, which was built from large stones with carvings of Lions. These Lions symbolized the King for them. The function of the lions were to act as guardians of the gate. It is said that the Mycenae were Egyptian influenced of burial customs together with strong artistic inf luence form Crete. During 1944 in Florence Italy Leonardo Da Vinci painted his most famous portrait, the Mona Lisa. This is portrait was built from very thing layers of glaze, so thin that the entire panel seems to glow with a gentle light form within. The fame of Mona Lisa did not come from the picture alone. The most intriguing part of the picture comes from the sitters personality. The smile of the sitter has been singled out as the most mysterious. The face of the person is very individual and the Leonardo has brought out tow opposites of harmonious balance. The smile can be read in different ways. Such as and echo of a monetary mood and as a timeless symbolic expression. She had an inner glowing, smirk. The identity of the sitter was a mystery for a very long time. Recently researchers found out that she was a wife of a Florentine merchant who was born around 1479. Leo ...

Plain packaging of cigarettes is a good policy and should be retained Essay

Plain packaging of cigarettes is a good policy and should be retained in Australia - Essay Example Proponents of the laws enactment argue that it will restrict the use of colors, brand imagery, logos, and promotional texts. Inclusions in the product create the effect of its appeal to consumers. The government uses the legislation to make the product less appealing especially to the young (Australian Government, Common Law 2011). As a result, plain cigarette packaging is an initiative to reduce cigarette consumption. The government expresses concerns of citizens health and discourages commodities, such as tobacco. Product homogeneity is very instrumental in standardizing competition. Tobacco manufacturers use packaging to differentiate their products and make it attractive than others. The government intends discourage unfair competition that might affect the performance of small industries. Plain cigarette packaging comes along with product homogeneity that standardizes commodities. When packaging of cigarettes appeal in the same way to consumers, they will not reestablish brand loyalty (Davey, 2014). Therefore, the legislation eliminates unfair competition caused by well-established industries to small ones. Consumers tend to buy a product not because they are in need of it, but the packaging persuades them to acquire. Consequently, packaging causes impulse buying as consumers purchase products without an active decision-making process. The legislation on plain cigarette packaging achieves to encourage cigarette consumers to go through a proper decision-making process before deciding to buy the product (Walsh et al., 2008). Plain packaging standardizes the product and makes it consumers buy it only to satisfy their needs must not because of its appeal. The government imposition of plain cigarette packaging undermines trademark law. It also breaches intellectual property rights as well as international trade arguments. Trademark serves the purpose of distinguishing

Lost Treasures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lost Treasures - Essay Example The Mayan civilization is another group who would have been a great influence to more modern societies had their literature been available to us today. Mayans are believed to have been an outstanding group of people in Central America during the Spanish era of conquests. Despite having no skill or knowledge of the wheel or metal tools, they were able to build temples and pyramids. Artifacts also reveal a system of writing, mathematics and astrology which can be considered advanced for the Mayans during that time. The PopulVuh is a sample of Mayan literature. It is a book believed to have been used by the Mayans to answer questions regarding creation and the earth. Unfortunately, it is only one of three Mayan books that is believed to exist and survive the test of time. Because of this, insight on the Mayan’s systems are hard to understand. Before the invention of the dawn of printing, literary pieces were handwritten. Ancient studies reveal that the early men used to depict th eir lives on cave walls, rocks or leaves. As such, these works of our ancestors risk being damaged or lost due to natural or man-made disasters. Other reasons for the loss may also be theft and the author’s own doing. One example of this is the destruction of the library in Alexandria where it is believed, thousands upon thousands of ancient writings were destroyed. The city in Egypt was founded by Alexander the Great while the Museum or Royal Library of Alexandria was founded by Alexander’s successor, Ptolomy II Soter in 283 BC. (Chesser)... Because of this, insight on the Mayan’s systems are hard to understand. Before the invention of the dawn of printing, literary pieces were handwritten. Ancient studies reveal that the early men used to depict their lives on cave walls, rocks or leaves. As such, these works of our ancestors risk being damaged or lost due to natural or man-made disasters. Other reasons for the loss may also be theft and the author’s own doing. One example of this is the destruction of the library in Alexandria where it is believed, thousands upon thousands of ancient writings were destroyed. The city in Egypt was founded by Alexander the Great while the Museum or Royal Library of Alexandria was founded by Alexander’s successor, Ptolomy II Soter in 283 BC. (Chesser) It is believed that the Royal Library of Alexandria contained literature from Assyria, Greece, Persia, Egypt, India and other places (Chesser) and so there is great disappointment and regret as to its destruction. Until today, unfortunately, there are just speculations based on existing literary works that refer to the library and the reason why it was destroyed. Historians refer to a few incidents in ancient times that may have caused the loss of literary work in Alexandria. One of these was a fire during the reign of Julius Ceasar. It is said that Ceasar had ordered a fire on the enemy Egyptian fleet at Alexandria’s harbor. Sadly, the part of the city where the Library was located accidentally got caught in the flames and burned down. Another reason was supposedly the conversion of the Library into a Christian Church during Theophilus’ reign of Alexandria. Moslem Caliph Omar was also blamed for the destruction of the Library when the Moslems conquered Alexandria in 640